Comments on the document "Human Rights Principles and NGO Accountability – An Approach Paper" , Conectas Human Rights, Brazil
My intention in this short paper is to make a few comments about the document prepared by the ICHRP to spark on-line debate about “Human Rights Principles and NGO Accountability” (2009). I eagerly look forward to the final results of the discussion.
Accountability – An imprecise concept: I would like to begin by pointing out that the concept of accountability has been invoked so often in recent years that it has lost precision. As Ebrahim and Weisband observe, “accountability has become a malleable and often nebulous concept, with connotations that change with the context and agenda”.1 This is what they call the “accountability panacea”. Thus, while some observers might use the term accountability to refer to transparency in resource allocation, others would be thinking of outcome assessment or the rendering of accounts to certain audiences (internal or external). This lack of precision, however, has not stopped the literature on the subject from burgeoning. The proposal made in the ICHRP document to understand accountability “in relational terms” (par. 24), while interesting, does not settle the issue once and for all, as it does not define in precise, concrete terms (and for all audiences) just what we mean when we talk about the accountability of NGO’s.
Specificity of human rights organizations: Earlier versions of the ICHRP study referred specifically to the issue of the accountability of “human rights organizations” (unlike the last Approach Paper that refers more generally to “NGO Accountability”). In my view, this new focus loses specificity. It is worth asking (and trying to answer) whether the accountability of human rights organizations is somehow different from that of other civil-society organizations. At least three issues call for inquiry:- Considering that the outcomes obtained through the work of human rights organizations are often the result of complex processes involving more than one organization, and depend as well on political contingencies that are beyond the organizations’ control, what is the specificity of outcome assessment when organizations engage in advocacy activities?
- It is worth analyzing the particular case of human rights organizations that have a national scope. In these cases there are informal accountability mechanisms (for example, through the media) that do not work when it comes to the role of international organizations. Nevertheless, the practice of international organizations seems to be what is driving most of the literature on the subject.
- As the Approach Paper emphasizes (par. 6), the specificity of human rights organizations underscores the need to avoid generalizations. There are of course minimum demands for transparency that all organizations should meet, but consideration must also be given to the particular aspects of each context. It is especially important to pay attention to the limitations that exist when human rights organizations work in politically repressive settings.
The issue of the relationship with beneficiaries. While most literature on the accountability of civil-society organizations mainly questions the role of these organizations’ beneficiaries and how the organizations interact with them, the vision of the organizations themselves is different: they do not perceive the relationship with the beneficiaries as a problem. It would seem that in the organizations’ view, the relationship with the beneficiaries and the rendering of accounts to them is not anything that might jeopardize the organization itself. In this sense, there seems to be a certain disconnect between the literature and the concerns of the actual organizations.
Organizations are anxious to improve their performance, to develop tools that really help them assess their work, to come up with more democratic internal management processes, etc. Some of these efforts, however, require additional resources. Any call for greater accountability that entails new demands (human resources for processing information, new websites, translating documents, publishing indicators, etc.) should bear in mind the need for additional resources. Calling for greater accountability without providing resources will put the organizations at risk of cutting back on their “core” activities as they shift resources to deal with these new demands.
Need for a step forward: Given the concept’s lack of precision, the growing literature, and at the same time the lack of literature that addresses the issue by analyzing the specific situation of human rights organizations, the ICHRP is in a privileged position to move this discussion forward in a significant way. In this sense, while the idea of a wide-ranging on-line debate is intriguing, it is essential for the Council at the end of the discussion to publish a final report on the topic (as it has done on other issues). This contribution will most likely be criticized, but it is the only way to help push this discussion along.
Even more important than knowing the opinion of academics and specialists would be to take a clear and systematic look at how human rights organizations perceive this debate and whether they have adopted new practices that could help fellow organizations rethink the question at their institutions.
In this way, the ICHRP could make a significant conceptual contribution by suggesting a clearer definition of accountability – as it applies to human rights organizations – and at the same time generate a systematically organized catalogue of the practices that these organizations are actually implementing. In fact, I think it would be worth making an initial proposal of basic principles for orienting the organizations on this issue.
1 WEISBAND, E. and EBRAHIM, A. Introduction: forging global accountabilities. In: EBRAHIM, A. and WEISBAND, E. Global Accountabilities: Participation, Pluralism, and Public Ethics. Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 1.