CSO accountability - A contribution to the “E-Discussions” , The Arab NGO Network for Development
The increasing role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in affecting policy making, whilst representing the interests of various groups in society, raises many challenges, particularly with regards to their accountability.
The approach paper, already distributed, was aimed at launching the debate on CSO accountability; it is comprehensive and correctly tackles the core issues. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that CSOs in the Arab region face many additional challenges that affect their accountability. In this quick reflection, I would like to raise three of them:
1- The nature of the state in most of the Arab countries is authoritarian. It limits the space that CSOs have, and deprives them of some of their basic rights including the right to exist independently.
It is obvious that freedom of association is very restricted and highly limited, especially in relation to particular kinds of associations. Nonetheless, associations dealing with charity, philanthropy and social issues are generally allowed to carry out their work. Moreover, freedom of expression and the right to organize peaceful meetings and assemblies are strongly restricted.
Consequently CSOs in the region are limited to service providers that do not affect public policies and policy making processes.
In short, the CSOs which are allowed to exist and operate, are those which provide services and are mostly politically affiliated with the government.
Some CSOs express different views and perspectives and tend to struggle for the defense of Human Rights or of other specific rights. These CSOs generally operate from abroad or in an indirect way. They tend to hide their intentions for political change, however this strategy in fact, can potentially lead to some political changes in the long run, in that there will be a gradual and incremental benefit acquired. Many of these organizations however, are accused of being affiliated with a “foreign agenda”, and their legitimacy is highly contested because of the negative connotations associated with such affiliations.
In fact, the Middle East faces foreign challenges, different to the traditional and classical ones which are usually related to the phenomenon of globalization. People of the region are struggling against the hegemonic tendencies of the global powers which aim to directly control natural resources, particularly oil and gas, through foreign interventions. These interventions are made up of different elements, including political, economic, social, cultural and even military. Foreign occupations should be perceived in light of the latter perspective, in that they play a major role in destabilizing the region, increasing tension and deteriorating the whole geopolitical context.
What creates further challenges for CSOs, is when they are perceived as adopting a foreign agenda, if they are based abroad or with foreign support. This directly affects their credibility amongst the citizens, on the one hand, and perceived to be promoting the governments’ agenda on the other.
This conclusion leads to the second point which is related to the sources of funding.
2- Most of the donations in the region fall within the framework of Charity (Zakat and Khoms) which means that their beneficiaries are often service provider organizations. They can be from the philanthropy sector or faith based organizations or simply from the traditional sector.
Obviously, these CSO don’t advocate for policy change. Thus advocacy organizations find it difficult to receive funds from local donors. They alternatively receive funding from other donors, mainly foreigners. As a result, they are accused by the governments and the citizens of following a foreign agenda, and more specifically the agenda of their donors.
The donors’ behavior justify this impression particularly, by imposing policy conditionality. Moreover, foreign donors often impose their priorities and their own agenda according to what they believe is most relevant. In fact these agendas do not necessarily meet real needs and do not respond to genuine challenges nor to local priorities either.
Accordingly, this impression is highly affecting the credibility of CSOs, in terms of how they are perceived by their local constituencies.
3- The majority of the CSO in the region lack of a relevant experience. This is partially due to the lack of freedom thus the limited space to exist independently, which is preventing them from accumulating experiences. But it is also because of the traditional and classical nature of the organizations. It is worth noting, and like it was mentioned above, most of the CSOs are service providers basically working in charity, philanthropy and based on voluntarism. Consequently they usually lack of a developed and relevant institutional structure. Their internal governance essentially depends from the good willingness and the intention to serve the society and mainly to target those who are the most in need. They are generally headed by public figures and community leaders. This is one of the very important factors behind the weakened role of CSOs. However, good intentions are not sufficient conditions and criteria for the adoption of adequate institutional building and the good governance based on transparency, accountability and responsibility.
Most importantly, these models of CSO usually lack of proper vision and mission. Yet, the provision of services without intending to introduce public policy changes will not address the root causes of the problem, but it will only deal with their results. These limitations affect their credibility and accountability.
The three aforementioned observations generate the perception that CSOs are not legitimate, as to one of the basic principles of accountability, which is “participation”. However this can be a factor that challenges CSOs to react in order to modify this perception. While facing this reality, CSOs have to increase and improve the tools which allow for the widening of consultations with their constituencies whilst maintaining the struggle for their autonomous and convincing positions. This empowers them and facilitates the re-establishment of their credibility.
Accordingly, respecting the principles of good governance, transparency, periodic self evaluation and permanent consultation are very important steps for t CSOs’ accountability in addition to their legitimacy and credibility.
In addition, most of the regimes in the region are very restrictive. When they do provide space for those very select few organizations, which are not only well known to those regimes but limited to a certain and defined number, they are only allowed to operate in a restrictive and controlled way. This means that inventing new tools that might limit CSOs’ freedom and independence might be used by governments to restrict these CSOs and therefore places those and other members of Civil Society in vulnerable positions.
Consequently the adoption of the code of ethics or the code of conduct can be a tool to exert more pressure and restrictions on CSOs. This should not push us to reject these important tools, but this should lead us to confirm that when they exist they should not be used by the governments as tools to further constrict the ability of CSOs to operate freely.
CSO credibility is apparently lacking and thus underlines the need for greater accountability and transparency. They have to reduce risks and increasingly protect themselves by following good practices.
Moreover, donor agencies must respect the independence of domestic CSOs; hence they have to promote relations based on the core principles of partnership and equal opportunities. They have to audit, in order to track the way in which their money is being spent and used. However this should not allow them to interfere in defining the objectives and the strategies.
Some specific examples indicate the tendency of the donors to interfere, thus it is relevant to always revise the principles, visions and missions, whilst ensuring that they are not negatively affected by any interference by the donors’ so that they respond better to local needs.
