Projets et Thèmes > Projets > Medias : faire état des questions relatives aux droits humains
Statut: Publié
Medias : faire état des questions relatives aux droits humains (2002)
Introduction
Comment les journalistes choisissent-ils et couvrent-ils les événements relatifs aux droits humains? Comment peut-on éviter les partis pris ou la déformation des informations relatives aux droits humains ? À propos de ces questions, ce rapport examine la couverture des informations et le lien entre ce processus et les organisations de défense des droits humains. Il évalue les difficultés de rendre compte de manière correcte des questions complexes relatives aux droits humains en proposant des améliorations possibles de la couverture médiatique des droits humains.
Équipe de recherche
Données biographiques en vigueur lorsque ce travail de recherche a été effectué.
Directeur de recherche
Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, Directeur de recherche, ICHRP, 1998-2004. Pour obtenir plus d’informations sur ce projet, veuillez contacter Fairouz El Tom, Coordinatrice des relations extérieures et des publications, ICHRP.
Chercheur principal
Roger Kaplan. Le travail de recherche et la première rédaction de ce rapport ont été entrepris entre juillet 2000 et juin 2001. Lorsqu’il était en charge de ce projet, Roger Kaplan était journaliste freelance à Voice of America à Washington, D.C. Il a été éditorialiste au New York Post et au Detroit News, et a été directeur éditorial de la Freedom House, chargé de ses publications, notamment Freedom Review, Freedom in the World, et le World Survey of Economic Freedom. M. Kaplan a également été rédacteur-adjoint du Reader’s Digest à New York et à Paris, et chargé de programme à la Smith Richardson Foundation. Il a rédigé des reportages et des articles pour The Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, Harvard Business Review, This World, et The National Review. Il a également enseigné au sein de l’International Programme of the New York University School of Continuing and Professional Studies.
Richard Carver, qui était, à l’époque de ce projet, consultant basé à Oxford, a également contribué à la rédaction de ce document.
Conseillers
Margaret Cook, Directrice chargée des affaires publiques, Commission australienne des droits de l’homme et de l’égalité des chances (HREOC); Conseillère principale pour les questions politiques, National Nine Television Network, Australie.
Roy Gutman, Directeur du Projet sur les crimes de guerre, American University, Washington D.C. ; Prix Pulitzer du reportage international 1993.
Kwame Karikari, Directeur, School of Communication Studies, University of Ghana; Fondateur et directeur exécutif, Media Foundation for West Africa, Accra.
Jean-Paul Marthoz, Directeur de la communication Europe, Human Rights Watch.
Aidan White, Secrétaire général, Fédération internationale des journalistes.
Chercheurs
Nabil Khatib, Chef du bureau du Middle East Broadcasting Centre (MBC), Bureau de Jérusalem ; Directeur du Media Institute, Université de Birzeit, Cisjordanie.
Mirko Macari, journaliste, El Sábado, Santiago.
Yamila Milovic, Responsable de production, Radio Mir, Sarajevo.
Adrien Sindayigaya, Producteur, Studio Ijambo, Bujumbura.
Documents
Rapport
Résumé
Documents de travail
The Impact of the Economic Sanctions on Iraq as a Human Rights Issue in the Arab and International Media
•
en
The Media and Human Rights in Burundi
•
en
The Media and Human Rights in Kosovo
•
en
The Media and Human Rights: Progress Report by the Project’s Lead Researcher
•
en
The Media’s Presentation of Universal Jurisdiction in the Context of the Pinochet Case
•
en
Études connexes
Accuracy and Consistency: Establishing National Human Rights Institutions as Trusted Sources of Information
•
en
Donateurs
Liens
Alternative Information Network
Asian Media Information and Communication Centre
Centre de Médias Indépendants (CMI)
Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting
Fédération internationale des journalistes (FIJ)
Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l'homme (HCDH)
Institute for the Advancement of Journalism (IAJ)
International Journalists' Network
Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA)
Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ)
The Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA)
The Center for Public Integrity
The Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press
Bibliographie
Amnesty International. “‘Collateral Damage’ or Unlawful Killings? — Violations of the Laws of War by NATO during Operation Allied Force” . Londres: Amnesty International, 7 juin 2000.
Arnett, Peter. “Goodbye World — Why Foreign News is Vanishing from America’s Newspapers”, American Journalism Review, novembre 1998, pp. 50-67.
Asian Media Information and Communication Centre. Media and Human Rights in Asia. Singapore: AMIC, 2000.
Bagdikian, Ben H. The Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press, éditions de 1983 et 1997.
Bolter, Jay David and Richard Grusin. Remediation — Understanding New Media. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1999.
Boyer, Peter J. “The People’s Network”, The New Yorker, 3 août 1998, pp. 28-33.
Brown, DeNeen L. “Journalists Feel Shackled by New Owner”, The International Herald Tribune, 31 janvier 2002, p. 2.
Burnheim, Sally. The Right to Communicate — The Internet in Africa. London: Article 19, 1999.
Carey, Jane W. Communication as Culture — Essays on Media and Society. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Carver, Richard. “Themes and Trends in African Broadcasting”, in Who Rules the Airwaves — Broadcasting in Africa. London: Article 19 and Index on Censorship, 1995.
——— Who Rules the Airwaves — Broadcasting in Africa. London: Article 19 and Index on Censorship, 1995.
Casmir, Fred, ed. Communications in Eastern Europe — The Role of History, Culture, and Media in Contemporary Conflicts. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.
Chomsky, Noam and Edward S. Herman. Manufacturing Consent — The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre et al. Rwanda — Les Médias du Génocide. Paris: Karthala, 1995.
Cohen, Jeff. “Where the Media Went Wrong Covering Kosovo”, Swans (US), 5 juillet 1999.
Cohen, Stanley. Denial and Acknowledgement: The Impact of Information about Human Rights Violations. Jerusalem: Centre for Human Rights, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1995.
Comor, Edward A. “Governance and the ‘Commodisation’ of Information”, Global Governance 4, 2, avril-juin 1998, pp. 217-233.
Comparative Human Relations Initiative. Beyond Racism — Embracing an Interdependent Future. Atlanta: Southern Education Fund, 2000.
Constant, Alain. “Al Jezira, CNN du Monde Arabe”, Le Monde, 7 octobre 2001, pp. 4-5.
Curran, James, ed. Media Organisations in Society. London: Arnold, 2000.
Curran, James and Myung-Jin Park. De-Westernising Media Studies. Londres: Routledge, 2000.
Dowd, Maureen. “Journalists’ New Focus? Their Fascinating Navels”, The International Herald Tribune, 22 juillet 1998, p. 7.
El Nawawy, Mohammed. “Satellite Channel Sets a New Standard in the Arab World”, The Baltimore Sun, 30 juillet 2001.
Ellis, Stephen. “Fit to Print? — Comparing Standards of News”, Harvard International Review 23, 1, Printemps 2001, pp. 56-59.
Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research. The Information Revolution and the Arab World — Its Impact on State and Society. Londres: I.B. Tauris, 1998.
Fallows, James. Breaking the News — How the Media Undermined American Democracy. New York: Vintage, 1997.
Farah, Douglas. “Death of a Crusading Journalist Puts Pressure on Burkina Faso President”, The Washington Post, 4 juin 2000, p. A.23.
Feenberg, Andrew. Questioning Technology. Londres: Routledge, 1999.
Fisk, Robert. “BBC Staff are Told not to Call Israeli Killings ‘Assassination’”, The Independent, 4 août 2001.
——— “The Biased Reporting that Makes Killing Acceptable”, The Independent, 14 novembre 2000.
——— “When Journalists Forget that Murder is Murder”, The Independent, 18 août 2001.
Freire, Antonio. El Kike, la Chechi, La Elvira, El Gonzalo y El Malo: La Tevedécada de los Noventa. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Eace, 1999.
Friedman, Thomas L. “An Arab TV Station Nourishes Democracy”, The International Herald Tribune, 28 février 2001, p. 9.
Gerbner, George, Hamid Mowlana and Herbert I. Schiller, eds. Invisible Crises: What Conglomerate Control of Media Means for America and the World. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.
Giddens, Anthony. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
Gill, Stephen. “Globalisation, Democratisation, and the Politics of Indifference”, in James H. Mittelman, ed. Globalisation: Critical Reflections. International Political Economy Yearbook Vol. 9. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996, pp. 205-228.
Gissler, Sig. “Communications/Media”, in Comparative Human Relations Initiative. Beyond Racism — Embracing an Interdependent Future. Atlanta: Southern Education Fund, 2000, pp. 37-38.
Glasgow University Media Group. War and Peace News. London: Open University News, 1985.
Glauber, Bill. “Serbian State Television Back on the Air Hours after Deadly Missile Attack”, The Baltimore Sun, 16 mai 1999, p. 21A.
Goff, Peter, ed. The Kosovo News and Propaganda War. Vienna: International Press Institute, 1999.
Goldberg, Bernard. Bias — A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News. Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2001.
Goldberg, Carey. “An Innocent Man Goes Free 33 Years After Conviction: F.B.I Misdeeds, and Silence, Are Exposed”, The New York Times, 2 février 2001, p. A12.
Gowing, Nik. “New Challenges and Problems for Information Management in Complex Emergencies: Ominous Lessons from the Great Lakes and Eastern Zaire in Late 1996 and Early 1997”, paper presented at the conference on ‘Dispatches from Disaster Zones: The Reporting of Humanitarian Emergencies’, Wilton Park, West Sussex, United Kingdom, 27-28 mai 1998.
Green, Philip. “American Television and Consumer Democracy”, Dissent 45, 2, Printemps 1998, pp. 49-57.
Greenfield, Meg. Washington. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.
Gutman, Roy et David Rieff, eds. Crimes of War — What the Public Should Know. New York: W.W. Norton, 1999.
Haass, Richard N. et Robert E. Litan. “Globalisation and Its Discontents — Navigating the Dangers of a Tangled World”, Foreign Affairs 77, 3, mai/juin 1998, pp. 2-6.
Hammond, Philip and Edward Herman, eds. Degraded Capability — The Media and the Kosovo Crisis. Londres: Pluto Press, 2000.
Harwood, Richard. “In Newsroom Culture, Something is Wrong”, The International Herald Tribune, 16 juillet, 1998.
Held, David. “Democracy and Globalisation”, Global Governance 3, 1997, pp. 251-267.
Herman, Edward. The Myth of the Liberal Media. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Hitchens, Christopher. “The Case against Henry Kissinger”, Harper’s Magazine 302, 1809-1810, février 2001, pp. 33-58, and March 2001, pp. 49-74.
Human Rights Watch. Los Límites de la Tolerancia: Libertad de Expresión y Debate Público en Chile. LOM, 1998.
Ignatieff, Michael. The Warrior’s Honour — Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. London: Chatto and Windus, 1998.
Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report. Octobre 2000 (www.kosovocommission.org).
Janeway, Michael. Republic of Denial — Press, Politics and Public Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.
Johnson, Carla B. Screened Out — How the Media Control Us and What We Can Do About It. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000.
Johnston, Steven. Interface Culture — How New Technology Transforms the Way we Create and Communicate. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1997.
Kamalipour, Yahya R. and Hamid Mowlana, eds. Mass Media in the Middle East — A Comprehensive Handbook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1994.
Kaplan, Roger, ed. Freedom in the World 1993. New York: Transaction, 1994.
Keane, John. The Media and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
——— “Democracy and the Media”, International Social Science Journal 129, août 1991, pp. 523-540.
Kellner, Douglas Mackay. Media Culture — Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics between the Modern and the Postmodern. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Khalaf, Roula. “Abrupt End for Tunisian Spring”, The Financial Times, 13 janvier 2001, p. 5.
Kovach, William and Tom Rosenstiel. Warp Speed — America in the Age of Mixed Media. New York: Century Foundation Press, 1999.
Lambeth, Edmund B. Committed Journalism: An Ethic for the Profession. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Lemarchand, René. Burundi — Ethnic Conflict and Genocide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
MacAskill, Ewen, Brian Whitaker and Jonathan Steele. “Sands of Time Erode Support for Sanctions”, The Guardian, 1 août 2000, p. 11.
Macquail, Denis. Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest. Londres: Sage, 1995.
Marthoz, Jean-Paul. Et Maintenant, le Monde en Bref — Politique Etrangère, Journalisme Global et Libertés. Bruxelles: GRIP, 1999.
Massing, Michael. “The Media’s Own Kosovo Crisis”, The Nation, 268, 16, 3 mai 1999, pp. 18-22.
Matshikiza, John. “Framing Africa — How the Western Media Maintains Ancient Prejudices”, Rhodes Journalism Review, 20, août 2001, p. 13.
McChesney, Robert W. Rich Media, Poor Democracy — Communication Politics in Dubious Times. Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
McLuhan, Marshall and Bruce R. Powers. The Global Village — Transformations in World Life and Media in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Meštrović, Stjepan G., ed. Genocide after Emotion — The Postemotional Balkan War. Londres: Routledge, 1996.
Miller, Steve. “NAACP to call for Sanctions on Sudan”, The Washington Times, 7 février 2001.
Moeller, Susan D. Compassion Fatigue — How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York: Routledge, 1999.
Moisy, Claude. “The Foreign News Flow in the Information Age”, discussion paper D-23, Cambridge: The Joan Shorenstein Centre for Press, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard University: Harvard University, novembre 1996.
Morgan, David. “Mass Media and the Policy Process”, in Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research. The Information Revolution and the Arab World — Its Impact on State and Society. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998, pp. 92-106.
Naughton, John. “With the Rusty Sword of Truth — Television’s Influence and the Systemic Crisis in Serious Journalism”, Times Literary Supplement, 24 juillet 1998, pp. 16-17.
Nelson, Anne. “The Human Rights Dimension in International Reporting”, Rights News (Columbia University) 1, 23, Printemps 2001.
Neogy, Rajat. “Do Magazines Culture?”, Transition 24, 1966, pp. 16-22.
Neuman, Johanna. Lights, Camera, War: Is Media Technology Driving International Politics? New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
Nye, Joseph S. Jr. “The Media and Declining Confidence in Government”, The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 2, 3, Été 1997, pp. 4-9.
Orwell, George. Homage to Catalonia. Londres: Secker and Warburg, 1938.
Peters, John Durham. Speaking Into the Air — A History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Pritchard, David, ed. Holding the Media Accountable — Citizens, Ethics and the Law. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Raboy, Marc et Bernard Dagenais. Media, Crisis, and Democracy — Mass Communication and the Disruption of Social Order. London: Sage, 1992.
Rochlin, Gene I. Trapped in the Net — The Unanticipated Consequences of Computerisation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Rothberg, Robert I. and Thomas G. Weiss. From Massacres to Genocide — The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 1996.
Rusciano, Frank Louis et al. “The Impact of World Opinion on National Identity”, The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 2, 3, Été 1997, pp. 71-92.
Sadkovich, James J. “The Response of the American Media to Balkan Neo-Nationalisms”, in Stjepan G. Meštrović, ed. Genocide after Emotion — The Postemotional Balkan War. Londres: Routledge, 1996.
Sahagún, Felipe. “Spanish Journalists in the Last War”, in Peter Goff, ed. The Kosovo News and Propaganda War. Vienna: International Press Institute, 1999, pp. 181-185.
Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. Londres: Vintage, 1994.
——— Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. Londres: Vintage, 1997.
——— “America’s Last Taboo”, New Left Review 6, novembre-décembre 2000.
Samuelson, Robert J. “Traditional News Media on the Defensive in America”, The International Herald Tribune, 10 juilet 1998.
Schiller, Herbert I. “La Communication, Une Affaire d’Etat pour Washington”, Le Monde Diplomatique, août 1997, pp. 20-21.
Scheuer, Jeffrey. The Sound Bite Society — Television and the American Mind. New York: Routledge, 1999.
Schlesinger, Philip. Media, State and Nations — Political Violence and Collective Identities. Londres: Thousand Oaks, 1994.
Sciolino, Elaine. “The Disasters Multiply and Compassion Falters”, The New York Times, 12 mai 1991, p. D3.
Sen, Amartya. Poverty and Famine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Skovmand, Michael and Kim Schrøder, eds. Media Cultures: Reappraising Transnational Media (Communication and Society) . New York. Routledge, 1992.
South African Human Rights Commission. Faultlines — Inquiry into Racism in the Media. Johannesburg: août 2000.
Stone, Jennie. Losing Perspective: Global Affairs on British Terrestrial Television, 1989-1999. Londres: Third World and Environment Broadcasting Project, janvier 2000.
Sweeney, Michael S. Secrets of Victory — The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Tait, Richard. “The Conflict in Kosovo — The Lessons for the UK Media”, in Peter Goff, ed., The Kosovo News and Propaganda War. Vienna: International Press Institute, 1999, pp. 38-43.
Twain, Mark. “A Salutation to the Twentieth Century”, The New York Herald, 30 décembre 1900.
United Nations Children Fund. Child and Maternal Mortality Survey, Preliminary Report. Baghdad: UNICEF, 1999.
United Nations Children Fund and PressWise. The Media and Children’s Rights — A Practical Introduction for Media Professionals. Londres: PressWise, 1999.
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. “Statement on Globalisation and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights”, 11 mai 1998.
Uribe, Hernán. La Invisible Mordaza: El Mercado Contra la Prensa. Chile: Cuarto Propio, 1999.
Wheatcroft, Geoffrey. “Who Needs the BBC?”. The Atlantic Monthly 287, 3, mars 2001, pp. 53-58.
Wheeler, Deborah. “In Praise of the Virtual Life: New Communications Technologies, Human Rights, Development, and the Defence of Middle Eastern Cultural Space”, Monitors — A Journal of Human Rights and Technology 1, 1, Printemps 1997.
Whitaker, Brian. “Israel Wins War of Words: The Dangers of Sloppy Journalism”, The Guardian, 9 avril 2001.
Wolfsfeld, Gadi. Media and Political Conflict — News from the Middle East. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Wright, Robin. “Bush team Divided on Policy Toward Iraq”, The International Herald Tribune, 15 février 2001, p. 1.
“Enfin un examen approfondi de la couverture médiatique des événements et des enjeux liés aux droits humains. Cet ouvrage devrait inciter l’ensemble des acteurs impliqués à repenser leurs valeurs et leurs objectifs et à adopter une démarche plus globale afin d’obtenir des résultats positifs.” Riz Khan, journaliste, ancien animateur de l’émission “Q&A with Riz Khan” sur CNN
“Excellent…. une analyse lucide qui montre la nécessité pour le mouvement de défense des droits humains de mieux informer et d’utiliser les médias lors de campagnes de défense des droits humains. Le rapport demeurera longtemps l’outil de référence pour évaluer la coopération entre les médias et les mouvements de défense des droits humains.” Makau Mutua, Directeur du Human Rights Center, State University of New York